🔆 LIGO–India

📍 Context
✅ India has started working on construction of LIGO-India detector, a giant gravitational wave observatory that comprises two 4-km-long vacuum chambers, built perpendicular to each other, at Hingoli in Maharashtra.

🔆 Potential Benefits of LIGO–India
✅ Universe Evolution Understanding: By detecting gravitational waves from a variety of sources, including merging neutron stars and black holes.
✅ Development of new technologies that can be used in other fields, such as medical imaging and seismology.
✅ Inspiration of a new generation of scientists and engineers by providing them with the opportunity to work.
✅ Global Collaboration: LIGO-India’s inclusion in the network would promote international collaboration, fostering knowledge exchange, shared resources, and joint research efforts in the field of gravitational wave astronomy.

🔬 Gravitational Waves
✅ Ripples in space-time predicted by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (1915)
✅ Travel at the speed of light, carry information about their origins and gravity

📍 First Detection of Gravitational Waves
✅ Landmark Event: Detected by LIGO (USA) in 2015, led to Nobel Prize in Physics (2017)
✅ Source: From the merger of two massive black holes (29 and 36 times the mass of the Sun), 1.3 billion years ago
✅ Strength: Black hole mergers produce strongest gravitational waves.

#science_and_technology

🔆 Indian Diaspora as Cultural Ambassadors

📍 Context: PM Modi addresses Indian-origin community in Trinidad and Tobago
✅ India’s diaspora is 35 million strong — PM hailed them as “Rashtradoots” (ambassadors of India’s values, heritage & pride)
✅ 6th generation Indian-origin citizens of Trinidad and Tobago to receive OCI (Overseas Citizen of India) cards soon
✅ Government initiatives to strengthen ties with Girmitiya communities — descendants of indentured labourers sent to Indo-Pacific during colonial era
✅ Special focus on Trinidad & Tobago, Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, and Indian Ocean islands
✅ Close links with Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh — homeland of most Bhojpuri-speaking diaspora

📍 Cultural Diplomacy in Action
✅ Pravasi Bharatiya Divas initiatives map the historical journey and contributions of Indian-origin communities
✅ PM recalled the shared spiritual-cultural threads, including past diaspora participation in events like Kumbh Mela

📝 Prelims Question (UPSC CSE 2025)
Q. With reference to the Girmitiya diaspora, consider the following statements:
1. The term ‘Girmitiya’ refers to indentured Indian labourers taken abroad during British colonial rule.
2. They were primarily settled in regions like Fiji, Mauritius, and Trinidad and Tobago.
3. The Government of India does not extend Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) to descendants of Girmitiya communities.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

✅ Answer: (a)

📝 Mains GS2 Question
Q. Discuss the strategic and cultural importance of India’s engagement with the Girmitiya diaspora in the Indo-Pacific and Caribbean regions. How does it advance India’s soft power and diplomacy?

🔆 Key Findings: Early Settlement in Kachchh

✅ Mangrove-based Life: Early settlers lived in mangrove areas, relying on shellfish (oysters, gastropods) for food.

✅ Stone Tools Evidence: Cutting and scraping tools suggest semi-permanent settlements.

✅ Pre-Harappan Linkages: Cultural ties found with Las Bela, Makran (Pakistan) and Oman Peninsula, indicating shared coastal survival strategies.

✅ Challenges Old View: Counters the belief that Kachchh urbanisation was only Harappan-driven; shows an indigenous development path.

📍 Dating Technique

✅ AMS Carbon-14 Dating: Shell remains were dated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry.

✅ Tree-Ring Calibration: Used tree rings to correct for changing C-14 levels and build a reliable timeline.

🔆 Initiatives to Tackle Stubble Burning

📍 Technological & Policy Measures
✅ PUSA Decomposers: Recently, scientists have developed a bio-decomposer technique called ‘PUSA Decomposers’ for converting crop stubble into compost.
✅ Combine Harvester: Improvement should be made in the technology used in such machines so that minimal residue is left behind.
✅ Centralized Control Room: It must be set up to issue directions both for ensuring that appropriate technology to tackle this issue is within the reach of farmers and also ensure enforcement of non-compliance.

📍 Farmer-Centric Solutions
✅ Encourage And Incentivise The Farmers: To go for early paddy, so as to give them enough time to harvest and thereafter prepare their fields for the next Rabi crop.
✅ Sow alternate crops: Encourage farmers to sow alternate crops and shift them away in the long run from paddy to maize, fruits, vegetables, and cotton.

🔆 Distribution of Mineral Oil & Its Global Implications
(UPSC Mains GS1 – 2015 Topic Revisited)

📍 Uneven Global Distribution
✅ Major reserves in Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran), North America (USA, Canada), Russia, Venezuela
✅ Significant offshore deposits in Arctic, North Sea, and West Africa

📍 Geopolitical Tensions
✅ Oil-rich nations wield strategic influence
✅ Oil-importing nations face energy security risks

📍 Economic Impact
✅ Drives industrialization and trade
✅ Prone to market volatility due to demand-supply mismatch

📍 Environmental Costs
✅ Extraction leads to pollution, habitat destruction, climate change
✅ Combustion worsens global warming

📍 Energy Transition & Future Outlook
✅ Renewables rising, but oil remains indispensable
✅ Emphasizes need for sustainable management & equitable resource policies

#GS1 #EnergySecurity

🔆 164th Birth Anniversary of Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore

📍 Why It Matters – 9 May 2025
✅ Marks the 164th birth anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) — a towering figure in literature, art, and spiritual thought.
✅ Born in Jorasanko Thakur Bari, Kolkata, to Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi.

📍 A Global Literary Genius
✅ First non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature (1913) for Gitanjali.
✅ Published first poems at age 16 under the pen name ‘Bhanusimha’.

📍 Titles & Tributes
✅ Reverently known as ‘Gurudev’, ‘Kabiguru’, and ‘Biswakabi’.
✅ Advocated spiritual unity, addressed World Parliament of Religions in 1929 & 1937.

📍 Creative Legacy
✅ Major works: Gitanjali, Gora, Ghare-Baire, Manasi, Sonar Tori, Balaka.
✅ His song ‘Ekla Chalo Re’ became a national inspiration.
✅ Revolutionized Bengali music, art, and literature, fusing the spiritual with the political.

📘 Source: PIB | #GS1 #History

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🔆 India’s Disaster Risk Profile: Key Facts & Figures

📍 Latest indicators from official sources
✅ India’s Disaster Preparedness Score = 19.2
(Source: SDG India Index 2024)

✅ India would lose 6% of working hours due to heat stress (≈ 35 million full-time jobs)
(Source: ILO)

✅ Expected financial losses due to heat stress = $2.4 trillion globally by 2030
(Source: ILO)

✅ Nearly 90% of India lies in danger zone from heatwave impact
(Source: PLOS)

✅ Drought impact reduced India’s GDP by up to 5% in the last 20 years
(Source: UNCCD report)

✅ Drought-prone areas increased by 60% in last 25 years
(Source: NIDM)

✅ 40% of India’s land and 70% of cropped area is drought-prone, affecting >40% of population
(Source: NIDM)

✅ In 60 years, floods caused ₹4.5 trillion loss and >1 lakh deaths
(Source: Down to Earth)

✅ Over 12% of land prone to floods & river erosion
(Source: NDMA)

✅ 60% of India vulnerable to earthquakes where >80% of population lives
(Source: NDMA – Earthquake Disaster Risk Index Report)

✅ 75% of coastline & 1/3rd population vulnerable to cyclone-related disasters
(Source: IMD)

✅ India is exposed to 10% of world’s tropical cyclones
(Source: IMD)

#GS3 #DisasterManagement #Data
#Disaster_management
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🔆 Case Study: Sinking of Joshimath

📍 Joshimath, located in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, is facing severe land subsidence driven by both natural vulnerabilities and human-induced stress.

✅ Key Geophysical Factors
• Located in a high-risk seismic zone (Zone V).
• Lies over active fault lines — Vaikrita Thrust and Main Central Thrust.
• Built on geologically unstable terrain of old landslide debris.

✅ Human-Induced Stress
• Unregulated construction and large-scale hydroelectric projects have disturbed the fragile ecosystem.
• Increased rainfall and blocked drainage systems further exacerbate ground instability.

📍 Way Forward
✅ Urgent steps needed include:
• Regulated development
• Scientific and geological reassessment
• Seismic risk mitigation planning

Protecting Joshimath demands a balance between ecology and development.

📝 Mains GS1 Q
Q. The crisis in Joshimath highlights the tension between environmental fragility and developmental pressures in Himalayan towns. Analyse the causes of the crisis and suggest sustainable solutions.

#GS1 #Geography #DisasterManagement #Joshimath